中华人民共和国海上交通事故调查处理条例(附英文)
交通部
中华人民共和国海上交通事故调查处理条例(附英文)
1990年1月11日国务院批准
第一章 总则
第一条 为了加强海上交通安全管理，及时调查处理海上交通事故，根据《中华人民共和国海上交通安全法》的有关规定，制定本条例。
第二条 中华人民共和国港务监督机构是本条例的实施机关。
第三条 本条例适用于船舶、设施在中华人民共和国沿海水域内发生的海上交通事故。
以渔业为主的渔港水域内发生的海上交通事故和沿海水域内渔业船舶之间、军用船舶之间发生的海上交通事故的调查处理，国家法律、行政法规另有专门规定的，从其规定。
第四条 本条例所称海上交通事故是指船舶、设施发生的下列事故：
（一）碰撞、触碰或浪损；
（二）触礁或搁浅；
（三）火灾或爆炸；
（四）沉没；
（五）在航行中发生影响适航性能的机件或重要属具的损坏或灭失；
（六）其他引起财产损失和人身伤亡的海上交通事故。
第二章 报告
第五条 船舶、设施发生海上交通事故，必须立即用甚高频电话、无线电报或其他有效手段向就近港口的港务监督报告。报告的内容应当包括：船舶或设施的名称、呼号、国籍、起迄港，船舶或设施的所有人或经营人名称，事故发生的时间、地点、海况以及船舶、设施的损害程度、救助要求等。
第六条 船舶、设施发生海上交通事故，除应按第五条规定立即提出扼要报告外，还必须按下列规定向港务监督提交《海上交通事故报告书》和必要的文书资料：
（一）船舶、设施在港区水域内发生海上交通事故，必须在事故发生后二十四小时内向当地港务监督提交。
（二）船舶、设施在港区水域以外的沿海水域发生海上交通事故，船舶必须在到达中华人民共和国的第一个港口后四十八小时内向港务监督提交；设施必须在事故发生后四十八小时内用电报向就近港口的港务监督报告《海上交通事故报告书》要求的内容。
（三）引航员在引领船舶的过程中发生海上交通事故，应当在返港后二十四小时内向当地港务监督提交《海上交通事故报告书》。
前款（一）、（二）项因特殊情况不能按规定时间提交《海上交通事故报告书》的，在征得港务监督同意后可予以适当延迟。
第七条 《海上交通事故报告书》应当如实写明下列情况：
（一）船舶、设施概况和主要性能数据；
（二）船舶、设施所有人或经营人的名称、地址；
（三）事故发生的时间和地点；
（四）事故发生时的气象和海况；
（五）事故发生的详细经过（碰撞事故应附相对运动示意图）；
（六）损害情况（附船舶、设施受损部位简图。难以在规定时间内查清的，应于检验后补报）；
（七）船舶、设施沉没的，其沉没概位；
（八）与事故有关的其他情况。
第八条 海上交通事故报告必须真实，不得隐瞒或捏造。
第九条 因海上交通事故致使船舶、设施发生损害，船长、设施负责人应申请中国当地或船舶第一到达港地的检验部门进行检验或鉴定，并应将检验报告副本送交港务监督备案。
前款检验、鉴定事项，港务监督可委托有关单位或部门进行，其费用由船舶、设施所有人或经营人承担。
船舶、设施发生火灾、爆炸等事故，船长、设施负责人必须申请公安消防监督机关鉴定，并将鉴定书副本送交港务监督备案。
第三章 调查
第十条 在港区水域内发生的海上交通事故，由港区地的港务监督进行调查。
在港区水域外发生的海上交通事故，由就近港口的港务监督或船舶到达的中华人民共和国的第一个港口的港务监督进行调查。必要时，由中华人民共和国港务监督局指定的港务监督进行调查。
港务监督认为必要时，可以通知有关机关和社会组织参加事故调查。
第十一条 港务监督在接到事故报告后，应及时进行调查。调查应客观、全面，不受事故当事人提供材料的限制。根据调查工作的需要，港务监督有权：
（一）询问有关人员；
（二）要求被调查人员提供书面材料和证明；
（三）要求有关当事人提供航海日志、轮机日志、车钟记录、报务日志、航向记录、海图、船舶资料、航行设备仪器的性能以及其他必要的原始文书资料；
（四）检查船舶、设施及有关设备的证书、人员证书和核实事故发生前船舶的适航状态、设施的技术状态；
（五）检查船舶、设施及其货物的损害情况和人员伤亡情况；
（六）勘查事故现场，搜集有关物证。
港务监督在调查中，可以使用录音、照相、录相等设备，并可采取法律允许的其他调查手段。
第十二条 被调查人必须接受调查，如实陈述事故的有关情节，并提供真实的文书资料。
港务监督人员在执行调查任务时，应当向被调查人员出示证件。
第十三条 港务监督因调查海上交通事故的需要，可以令当事船舶驶抵指定地点接受调查。当事船舶在不危及自身安全的情况下，未经港务监督同意，不得离开指定地点。
第十四条 港务监督的海上交通事故调查材料，公安机关、国家安全机关、监察机关、检察机关、审判机关和海事仲裁委员会及法律规定的其他机关和人员因办案需要可以查阅、摘录或复制，审判机关确因开庭需要可以借用。
第四章 处理
第十五条 港务监督应当根据对海上交通事故的调查，作出《海上交通事故调查报告书》，查明事故发生的原因，判明当事人的责任；构成重大事故的，通报当地检察机关。
第十六条 《海上交通事故调查报告书》应包括以下内容：
（一）船舶、设施的概况和主要数据；
（二）船舶、设施所有人或经营人的名称和地址；
（三）事故发生的时间、地点、过程、气象海况、损害情况等；
（四）事故发生的原因及依据；
（五）当事人各方的责任及依据；
（六）其他有关情况。
第十七条 对海上交通事故的发生负有责任的人员，港务监督可以根据其责任的性质和程度依法给予下列处罚：
（一）对中国籍船员、引航员或设施上的工作人员，可以给予警告、罚款或扣留、吊销职务证书；
（二）对外国籍船员或设施上的工作人员，可以给予警告、罚款或将其过失通报其所属国家的主管机关。
第十八条 对海上交通事故的发生负有责任的人员及船舶、设施的所有人或经营人，需要追究其行政责任的，由港务监督提交其主管机关或行政监察机关处理；构成犯罪的，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第十九条 根据海上交通事故发生的原因，港务监督可责令有关船舶、设施的所有人、经营人限期加强对所属船舶、设施的安全管理。对拒不加强安全管理或在期限内达不到安全要求的，港务监督有权责令其停航、改航、停止作业，并可采取其他必要的强制性处置措施。
第五章 调解
第二十条 对船舶、设施发生海上交通事故引进的民事侵权赔偿纠纷，当事人可以申请港务监督调解。
调解必须遵循自愿、公平的原则，不得强迫。
第二十一条 前条民事纠纷，凡已向海事法院起诉或申请海事仲裁机构仲裁的，当事人不得再申请港务监督调解。
第二十二条 调解由当事人各方在事故发生之日起三十日内向负责该事故调查的港务监督提交书面申请。港务监督要求提供担保的，当事人应附经济赔偿担保证明文件。
第二十三条 经调解达成协议的，港务监督应制作调解书。调解书应当写明当事人的姓名或名称、住所、法定代表人或代理人的姓名及职务、纠纷的主要事实、当事人的责任、协议的内容、调解费的承担、调解协议履行的期限。调解书由当事人各方共同签字，并经港务监督盖印确认。
调解书应交当事方各持一份，港务监督留存一份。
第二十四条 调解达成协议的，当事人各方应当自动履行。达成协议后当事人翻悔的或逾期不履行协议的，视为调解不成。
第二十五条 凡向港务监督申请调解的民事纠纷，当事人中途不愿调解的，应当向港务监督递交撤销调解的书面申请，并通知对方当事人。
第二十六条 港务监督自收到调解申请书之日起三个月内未能使当事人各方达成调解协议的，可以宣布调解不成。
第二十七条 不愿意调解或调解不成的，当事人可以向海事法院起诉或申请海事仲裁机构仲裁。
第二十八条 凡申请港务监督调解的，应向港务监督缴纳调解费。调解的收费标准，由交通部会同国家物价局、财政部制定。
经调解达成协议的，调解费用按当事人过失比例或约定的数额分摊；调解不成的，由当事人各方平均分摊。
第六章 罚则
第二十九条 违反本条例规定，有下列行为之一的，港务监督可视情节对有关当事人（自然人）处以警告或者二百元以下罚款；对船舶所有人、经营人处以警告或者五千元以下罚款：
（一）未按规定的时间向港务监督报告事故或提交《海上交通事故报告书》或本条例第三十二条要求的判决书、裁决书、调解书的副本的；
（二）未按港务监督要求驶往指定地点，或在未出现危及船舶安全的情况下未经港务监督同意擅自驶离指定地点的；
（三）事故报告或《海上交通事故报告书》的内容不符合规定要求或不真实，影响调查工作进行或给有关部门造成损失的；
（四）违反第九条规定，影响事故调查的；
（五）拒绝接受调查或无理阻挠、干扰港务监督进行调查的；
（六）在受调查时故意隐瞒事实或提供虚假证明的。
前款第（五）、（六）项行为构成犯罪的，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第三十条 对违反本条例规定，玩忽职守、滥用职权、营私舞弊、索贿受贿的港务监督人员，由行政监察机关或其所在单位给予行政处分；构成犯罪的，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第三十一条 当事人对港务监督依据本条例给予的处罚不服的，可以依法向人民法院提起行政诉讼。
第七章 特别规定
第三十二条 中国籍船舶在中华人民共和国沿海水域以外发生的海上交通事故，其所有人或经营人应当向船籍港的港务监督报告，并于事故发生之日起六十日内提交《海上交通事故报告书》。如果事故在国外诉讼、仲裁或调解，船舶所有人或经营人应在诉讼、仲裁或调解结束后六十日内将判决书、裁决书或调解书的副本或影印件报船籍港的港务监督备案。
第三十三条 派往外国籍船舶任职的持有中华人民共和国船员职务证书的中国籍船员对海上交通事故的发生负有责任的，其派出单位应当在事故发生之日起六十日内向签发该职务证书的港务监督提交《海上交通事故报告书》。
本条第一款和第三十二条的海上交通事故的调查处理，按本条例的有关规定办理。
第八章 附则
第三十四条 对违反海上交通安全管理法规进行违章操作，虽未造成直接的交通事故，但构成重大潜在事故隐患的，港务监督可以依据本条例进行调查和处罚。
第三十五条 因海上交通事故产生的海洋环境污染，按照我国海洋环境保护的有关法律、法规处理。
第三十六条 本条例由交通部负责解释。
第三十七条 本条例自发布之日起施行。
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE INVESTIGATIONAND HANDLING OF MARITIME TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE INVESTIGATION
AND HANDLING OF MARITIME TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
(Approved by the State Council on January 11, 1990, promulgated by
Decree No. 14 of the Ministry of Communications on March 3, 1990)
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
These Regulations are formulated according to the relevant provisions of
the Maritime Traffic Safety Law of the People's Republic of China in order
to strengthen the control of maritime traffic safety and promptly
investigate and handle maritime traffic accidents.
Article 2
The harbour superintendency establishments of the People's Republic of
China shall be responsible for implementing these Regulations.
Article 3
These Regulations shall apply to the maritime traffic accidents happening
to the vessels and installations in the coastal waters of the People's
Republic of China. If there exist special provisions in state laws and
administrative regulations for the investigation and handling of the
maritime traffic accidents happening in the fishing port waters or of the
maritime traffic accidents happening between fishing vessels or between
military vessels in the coastal waters, these special provisions shall
prevail.
Article 4
The maritime traffic accidents referred to in these Regulations mean the
following accidents happening to vessels and installations:
(1) collision, strike or damage by waves;
(2) hitting hidden rocks or running aground;
(3) fire or explosion;
(4) sinking;
(5) damage or loss of machinery parts or important tools during a voyage
which affects the vessel's seaworthiness;
(6) other maritime traffic accidents which cause losses in property and
human lives.
Chapter II Report
Article 5
The persons in charge of the vessels and installations which are involved
in maritime traffic accidents must report immediately to the harbour
superintendency administration at the nearest harbour by a high-frequency
telephone, radiotelegram or other effective means. The content of the
reports shall include: name of the vessel or installation, call sign,
nationality, port of departure and port of arrival, owners or managers of
the vessel or installation, when and where the accident happened and the
attending circumstances on the sea, the extent of damage of the vessel or
installation, request for salvage, etc.
Article 6
The persons in charge of the vessels and installations which are involved
in maritime traffic accidents must, in addition to making brief reports
immediately in accordance with the provisions in Article 5, submit the
Report Concerning Maritime Traffic Accidents and other necessary documents
and materials according to the following stipulations to the harbour
superintendency administration:
(1) If maritime traffic accidents happen to vessels or installations
within the waters of the harbour areas, it is necessary to submit a report
and other materials to the local harbour superintendency administration
within 24 hours after the accidents.
(2) If maritime traffic accidents happen to vessels or installations in
the coastal waters beyond the waters of harbour areas, it is necessary to
submit a report and other materials within 48 hours after the vessels
arrive at the first harbour in the People's Republic of China to the
harbour superintendency administration;
in the case of installations, it is necessary to report by telegram, the
content of which shall cover all the items required in the Report
Concerning Maritime Traffic Accidents to the harbour superintendent at the
nearest harbour within 48 hours after the accidents.
(3) If a maritime traffic accident happens in the course of pilotage, the
pilot shall submit the Report Concerning Maritime Traffic Accidents to the
local harbour superintendency administration within 24 hours after his
return to the harbour. If, because of special circumstances, the Report
Concerning Maritime Traffic Accidents cannot be submitted within the time
limit set in paragraphs (1) and (2) of this Article, the time limit may be
appropriately extended after permission is obtained from the harbour
superintendency administration.
Article 7
The following information shall be truthfully provided in the Report
Concerning Maritime Traffic Accidents:
(1) basic conditions of the vessel or installation and the data concerning
its main functions;
(2) name and address of the owner or manager of the vessel or
installation;
(3) when and where the accident happened;
(4) the climatic conditions and the conditions on the sea when the
accident happened;
(5) a detailed description of the course of the accident (for a collision,
a sketch map illustrating the face-to-face movements shall be attached);
(6) degree of the damage (A sketch showing the damaged parts of the vessel
or installation shall be attached. If it is difficult to make a thorough
investigation within the set time limit, a report shall be submitted at a
later date after the examination.)
(7) estimated location of sinking in case where the vessel or installation
sank;
(8) other information related to the accident.
Article 8
A report concerning maritime traffic accidents must be truthful and there
must not be any concealment or falsification.
Article 9
If a vessel or an installation is damaged due to a maritime traffic
accident, the captain of the vessel or the person in charge of the
installation shall apply to China's local inspection department or the
inspection department at the vessel's first port of arrival in China for
inspection or appraisement and send a copy of the inspection report to the
harbour superintendency administration for the record.
The harbour superintendency administration may entrust the inspection and
appraisement mentioned in the preceding paragraph to relevant units or
departments and the expenses shall be borne by the owner or manager of the
vessel or installation. If the accident happening to a vessel or
installation involved fire or explosion, the captain or the person in
charge of the installation must apply to a fire fighting brigade in the
public security organ for an appraisement and send a copy of the
appraisement report to the harbour superintendency administration for the
record.
Chapter III Investigation
Article 10
Harbour superintendency administration shall be responsible for the
investigation of the maritime traffic accidents which happen in the waters
of their respective harbour areas. The maritime traffic accidents which
happen outside the waters of harbour areas shall be investigated by the
harbour superintendency administration of the nearest harbour or that of
the vessel's first port of arrival in the People's Republic of China. The
Harbour Superintendency Administration Bureau of the People's Republic of
China may designate a harbour superintendency administration to carry out
the investigation, if the Bureau deems it necessary.
When the harbour superintendency administration concerned deems it
necessary, he may request relevant departments and social organizations to
take part in the investigation of the accidents.
Article 11
Upon receiving accident reports, the harbour superintendency
administration shall promptly carry out investigation. Investigation shall
be carried out in an objective and all-round manner and must not be
restricted by the information provided by the parties involved in the
accidents. If the investigation warrants it, the harbour superintendency
administration has the right to:
(1) question the persons concerned;
(2) demand written material and testimonial form the persons under
investigation;
(3) demand the parties involved to provide logbooks, engine room logs,
wheel-bell records, radio operation logs, course records, charts, data of
the vessel, functions of the navigation equipment and instruments and
other necessary original papers and materials;
(4) examine certificates of the vessels, installations and the relevant
equipment and certificates of the personnel and verify seaworthiness of
the vessels and technical conditions of the installations before the
accident;
(5) examine the damage to the vessels, installations and goods and
ascertain casualties of personnel;
(6) survey the scene of the accident and collect relevant material
evidence. During the investigation, the harbour superintendency
administration may use recording, photographing and video equipment and
may resort to other means of investigation permitted by law.
Article 12
The persons being investigated must subject themselves to the
investigation, honestly state the relevant circumstances of the accident
and provide authentic papers and materials.
In conducting investigations, the personnel of harbour superintendency
administration shall produce their certificates to the persons being
investigated.
Article 13
If the investigation of a maritime traffic accident so requires, the
harbour superintendency administration may order the vessel(s) involved to
sail to the spot for investigation. Except when its (their) own safety is
in danger, the vessel(s) involved must not leave the said spot without the
permission of the harbour superintendency administration.
Article 14
The organs respectively in charge of public security, state security,
supervision, procuratorial work, and judicial work, as well as maritime
arbitration committees and other organs and personnel designated under the
law may consult, make extracts of or duplicate the findings concerning
maritime traffic accidents prepared by the harbour superintendency
administration for the purpose of handling cases. Judicial organs may
borrow these findings if they are really needed in the trials.
Chapter IV Handling of Accidents
Article 15
The harbour superintendency administrations shall, according to the
investigations of maritime traffic accidents, work out the Report on
Findings Concerning Maritime Traffic Accidents, in which causes of the
accidents shall be ascertained and the responsibility of the persons
concerned be determined. A serious accident shall be reported to the local
procuratorial organ.
Article 16
The Report on Findings Concerning the Maritime Traffic Accident shall
include the following items:
(1) basic conditions of the vessels or installations and the main data;
(2) names and addresses of the owners or managers of the vessels or
installations;
(3) when and where the accident happened, the course of the accident,
weather and sea conditions at the time, seriousness of the damage;
(4) causes of the accident and evidence thereof;
(5) liabilities of the parties involved and evidence thereof;
(6) other relevant information.
Article 17
The harbour superintendency administrations may, according to the nature
and seriousness of their liabilities, mete out the following penalties
according to law to the persons who are held responsible for the maritime
traffic accidents:
(1) warnings, fines, suspension or revocation of their job certificates
may be resorted to when the crew, pilots or personnel working on the
installations are of Chinese nationality;
(2) warnings and fines may be imposed on the crew or the personnel working
on the installations who are of foreign nationalities or their faults may
be reported to the competent organs of their respective countries.
Article 18
If it is necessary to pursue the administrative responsibility of the
persons involved, owners or managers of the vessels or installations who
are held responsible for the maritime traffic accidents, the harbour
superintendency administrations shall submit the cases to their competent
organs or the organs in charge of administrative supervision. With
respect to persons whose action constitutes a crime, the judicial
authorities shall, in accordance with the law, investigate their criminal
responsibility.
Article 19
The harbour superintendency administration may, in the light of the causes
of the maritime traffic accidents, order the owners and managers of the
vessels involved or installations involved to strengthen safety control
over their vessels or installations within a time limit. In case of
refusal to strengthen safety administration or failure to meet the safety
requirements within the said time limit, the harbour superintendency has
the right to order the vessels or installations to suspend navigation,
change courses or suspend operation and may adopt other necessary
compulsory measures.
Chapter V Mediation
Article 20
If a maritime traffic accident happening to vessels or installations gives
rise to a civil dispute over tort liability, the parties may apply to the
harbour superintendency administration for mediation.
Mediations must be carried out on the principles of voluntariness and
impartiality and no coercion shall be allowed.
Article 21
If a suit has been brought before a maritime court or an application sent
to a maritime arbitration organ, the parties to the civil disputes
mentioned in the preceding article shall not apply to the harbour
superintendency administration for mediation.
Article 22
Written applications for mediations shall be submitted, by the parties
within 30 days after the accident happened, to the harbour superintendency
administration responsible for the investigation of the accident. If
guarantees are demanded by the harbour superintendency administration the
parties shall provide papers of economic compensation guarantee.
Article 23
If an agreement is reached after mediation, the harbour superintendency
administration shall prepare a mediation document. The mediation document
shall include the following items: names and addresses of the parties,
names and positions of the legal representatives, main points of the
disputes, liabilities of the parties, content of the agreement, payment of
the mediation fees and the time limit for the execution of the mediation
agreement. The parties concerned shall jointly sign the mediation document
and the superintendency administration shall confirm it by affixing its
seal thereon. One copy of the mediation document shall be held by each
party concerned and one copy kept by the harbour superintendency
administration.
Article 24
All the parties concerned shall execute the agreement of mediation of
their own accord. If the parties renege or fail to execute the agreements
within the time limit after the agreement is reached, the mediation shall
be regarded as failing.
Article 25
If a party to a civil dispute who has applied to the harbour
superintendency administration for mediation wants to withdraw from it,
the party shall send a written application to the harbour superintendency
administration for mediation cancellation and notify the other party to
the dispute at the same time.
Article 26
If the harbour superintendency administration fails to make the parties
reach an agreement of mediation within 3 months as of the date of receipt
of the application for mediation, the mediation may be announced as
failing.
Article 27
If the parties do not want mediation or the mediation has failed, they may
bring a suit in a maritime court or apply to a maritime arbitration organ
for arbitration.
Article 28
Anyone who has applied to the harbour superintendency administration for
mediation shall pay mediation fees. Standards for mediation charges shall
be worked out by the Ministry of Communications in conjunction with the
State Administration for Commodity Prices and the Ministry of Finance.
If an agreement is reached through mediation, the mediation charge shall
be shared according to the seriousness of the parties' faults or the
agreed proportions. If mediation has failed, the expenses shall be shared
out equally among the parties.
Chapter VI Penalties
Article 29
The harbour superintendency administration may, depending on the
circumstances, warn or impose a fine of not more than 200 yuan on the
persons concerned (natural person), or impose a warning or a fine of not
more than 5,000 yuan on the owners or managers of the vessels, if they
violate these Regulations in one of the following manners:
(1) failing to report the accident to the harbour superintendency
administration or submit the Report Concerning Maritime Traffic Accident
or duplicate copies of the documents of court verdict, arbitration award
or mediation document as stipulated in Article 32 of these Regulations
within the time limit;
(2) failing to sail to the spot designated by the harbour superintendency
administration or leaving the designated spot without the permission of
the harbour superintendency administration when nothing is endangering the
vessel(s);
(3) affecting the progress of the investigations or causing losses to the
departments concerned because the content of the accident report or the
Report Concerning Maritime Traffic Accident does not meet the stipulated
requirements or it is not truthful;
(4) affecting the investigation of the accident by violating the
provisions of Article 9;
(5) refusing to be investigated or unjustifiably obstructing and
interfering with the investigation by the harbour superintendency
administration;
(6) intentionally concealing facts or providing false testimonial during
investigation. With respect to persons whose acts have constituted a
crime as specified in paragraphs (5) and (6) of this Article, the judicial
organs shall investigate their criminal responsibility according to law.
Article 30
Administrative sanctions shall be given by administrative supervision
organs or relevant units to those persons working in harbour
superintendency administrations who violate the provisions of these
Regulation, neglect their duties, abuse their powers, engage in
malpractices for selfish ends and ask for and accept bribes. If their acts
constitute crimes, their criminal responsibilities shall be investigated
by judicial organs according to law.
Article 31
If the parties concerned do not agree with the penalties imposed on them
by the harbour superintendency administration according to the provisions
of these Regulations, they may bring a suit in a people's court according
to law.
Chapter VII Special Provisions
Article 32
If maritime traffic accidents happen to vessels of Chinese nationality
outside the coastal waters of the People's Republic of China, their owners
or managers shall report to the harbour superintendency administration
where the vessels have registered and shall submit the Report Concerning
Maritime Traffic Accident within 60 days after the accidents happened. If
lawsuits, arbitrations or mediations concerning the accidents take place
abroad, the owners or managers shall submit copies or photocopies of the
court verdicts, awards or mediation documents to the harbour
superintendency of the harbour where the vessels have registered for the
record within 60 days after the termination of the lawsuits, arbitration
or mediation.
Article 33
If crew members of Chinese nationality holding job qualification
certificates of the People's Republic of China are held responsible for
maritime traffic accidents while they are working on board foreign
vessels, their respective units in China shall submit the Report
Concerning Maritime Traffic Accidents to the harbour superintendency
administration issuing the job qualification certificates within 60 days
after the accidents happened.
The maritime traffic accidents mentioned in the first paragraph of this
Article and in Article 32 shall be investigated and dealt with in
accordance with the relevant provisions of these Regulations.
Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions
Article 34
With respect to those operations which have violated the regulations
concerning maritime traffic safety and have constituted latent threats of
potential major accidents, although direct traffic accidents have not been
caused, the harbour superintendency administration may carry out
investigation and mete out penalties according to the provisions of these
Regulations.
Article 35
The maritime traffic accidents which have caused marine environmental
pollution shall be dealt with in accordance with the relevant laws and
regulations of China concerning marine environmental protection.
Article 36
These Regulations shall be interpreted by the Ministry of Communications.
Article 37
These Regulations shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.
违法侵害违法物品应如何定性之分析
锦州铁路运输检察院 赵丹
违法侵害是指行为人实施了某种违反刑事或民事法律的行为，侵害了国家、集体或个人的某种合法的权利或利益。而今天我们所讨论的是行为人所实施的侵害行为，作用的对象却是违法的物品，所涉及的范围主要是我国刑法中关于第五章的侵害财产的犯罪。“违法”是特指违反的刑事法律，“违法物品”也特指违反刑事法律所涉及到的物品。为了表述的方便，在这里我们以盗窃罪为例，来具体的探讨此问题。
盗窃罪是指以非法占有为目的，多次秘密窃取或窃取数额较大的公私财物的行为。我国传统的法学理论和人民传统的思想道德认为，被盗窃的财物当然是也应当是我国法律所保护的合法的财物。很少涉及被盗窃的财物本身就是违法的财物。那么盗窃违法的财物是不是应当定罪及应当定为何罪呢？如前些时候，我们在各大报刊杂志上经常见到小偷偷出各大贪官的相似的报道，在这些报道中就有着这样一个问题，即贪官当然是被依法追究了相应的责任，那么小偷呢，是不是因为其“偷”出了贪官而给予他嘉奖或是其他什么样的表扬呢，或者是仍然判他有罪？
一、违法侵害违法物品的行为客体
根据我国刑法第二条的规定：“中华人民共和国刑法的任务是用刑罚同一切犯罪行为作斗争，以保卫国家安全，保卫人民民主专政的政权和社会主义制度，保护国有财产和劳动群众集体所有的财产，保护公民私人所有的财产，保护公民的人身权利，民主权利和其他权利，维护社会秩序，经济秩序，保障社会主义建设事业的顺利进行。”我国刑法通说认为，在侵害财产犯罪方面，刑法保护的是财产的所有权。如高铭喧主编的《新编中国刑法学》论述到：“侵犯财产罪侵犯的客体，主要是国家、集体、和公民的财产所有权。《中华人民共和国民法通则》第71条规定：‘财产所有权是指所有人依法对自己的财产享有的占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。’对财产的占有、使用、收益和处分四种权能，构成所有权整体，其中最核心的是处分权，即按照所有人自己的意志对财产进行自由处置（消费、出卖、赠与、抛弃、毁灭等）的权利。一般来说，对任何一种权能的侵犯，都是对所有权不同程度的侵犯，而对处分权的侵犯，则是对所有权整体最严重的侵犯，这也是绝大部分侵犯财产罪的最本质的特征。”这种理论对于盗窃国家、集体和公民私人合法所有的财产是恰如其分的，但是，对于解释公民私人违法占有的财产就过于牵强了。如归甲合法所有的财物，甲对其享有完全的所有权，被乙盗窃，此时甲丧失了对财物的控制而乙直接占有了该财物。然后，丙又从乙的占有下将财物再一次盗窃，造成乙丧失了该财物的占有而丙直接控制了财物。依我国的刑法认定乙构成盗窃罪是肯定的，基于我国的司法实践丙的行为通常也被认定为盗窃罪。法官们认为：丙的行为符合盗窃罪的四个构成要件，犯罪主观方面有非法占有的直接故意；犯罪主体是一般主体，只要年满18岁，智力正常即可，不要求有特殊的身份；犯罪客观方面实施了秘密窃取的行为；犯罪客体是侵犯了公私财物的所有权。这种定罪理论在司法实践中是通说，但是这里一些值得推敲的地方，主要集中在犯罪客体应如何界定，即此种盗窃犯罪中丙的行为侵犯了何种权益。我国的刑法理论通说认为，盗窃罪侵犯的客体是财产的所有权（此种理论在司法实践中得到了法官的支持）。那么，如上例，丙的行为是侵犯了谁的所有权呢？是甲的、乙的、还是国家的所有权？
首先、甲对财物享有完全的所有权，是财物的所有权人，但他对财物的所有权自被乙的行为侵犯后，甲已丧失了对财物的控制，不能再对此财物直接行使占有、使用、收益和处分四项权能中的任何一项，特别是处分权。那么甲是否继续对此物享有所有权呢？如果盗窃的行为破坏了甲享有的所有权后，此时甲已不能对财物行使所有权四项权能中的任何一项，就否认甲对此财物继续享有权利是不公平的，也是一种所有权侵害理论的极端表现。但认为甲仍然像以前财物的所有权没有被破坏时的情况一样继续享有所有权的各项权能，也是不现实的。笔者认为，此时甲的所有权是一种名义上的所有权，即不能控制、实施四项权能的，无实质权利的所有权，所有权的四项权能已不复存在。名义的所有权的内容只包括当法律恢复了这种权利秩序后，其原所有权人享有的请求所有权的权能自动恢复的权利。所以，丙的行为并没有直接的侵犯到甲的实质上的所有权。但是丙的行为却造成了甲对要求恢复其实质所有权的更加困难，侵害的是甲在法律恢复了这种权利秩序后，其享有的请求所有权的权能自动恢复的权利。就此认为丙的行为侵犯甲的所有权而认定为盗窃罪，追究其刑事责任，这种理论过于牵强了些，仔细推敲是立不住脚的。
其次，此时甲的财物已实质上被乙占有，有人认为基于民法理论，只要财物在乙的控制之下，乙就对财物享有占有权。笔者认为这种作法是不妥的，乙的占有是基于一种严重的违法行为，违反的是刑法并且依照刑法本应受到刑事处罚的行为。这种违反刑法的占有和民法上的占有表面的情况很相似，都是财物在某人的直接的控制之下，但实质上他们却有本质上的差别。他们归属于两个不同的法律范畴，违反刑法的占有已严重侵害了不只是当事人的权益，而且还侵害社会和国家的利益。这种严重的违法行为，将受到的是国家给予的严厉的惩罚，包括剥夺自由和生命。民法上的占有即使是违反民法的占有也没有达到对权益侵害的如此的严重性，也不会受到如此严重的惩罚。所以违反刑法的占有是不被法律保护的，即乙对财物不享有任何的合法的权利。
那么，丙的行为构成犯罪，他侵害的客体又是什么呢？笔者认为，此时第一次被盗窃的财物处于一种权利的不确定的状态。甲对财物丧失了实质的所有权，只保有法律秩序得以恢复后的所有权。但法律秩序并没有恢复；乙虽然实际上占有了财物，但由于其占有财物的原因的严重的违法性，所以也不对财物享有任何的合法的权利。这样财物实际上正处于一种与其有关联的人都不享有实质占有、处分等权利，所有权的归属不确定的状态。只有根据法律才能将此权利还原或是重新创制一个确定的权利状态。所谓还原是指，根据法律的规定，财物被完好无缺的归还给了所有权被侵害之前的最后一个所有权人使其对该财物重新实现了包括四项权能在内的完全的所有权。所谓重新确立是指，依照我国刑法的规定，由于超过了诉讼时效，犯罪行为将不再被追究，原犯罪行为的实施人转化成财物的所有权人或由于其他的相关的法律的规定，使财物的所有权得以重新的确立。如犯罪行为的实施者将财物转让给他人并经几次转让，每一次的受让人都是善意的，为了保护善意的第三人，为了维护社会的秩序，财物的所有权将属于这些善意的第三人。如果，因为财物的所有权的不确定性而认为丙的行为合法或不应受到法律的制裁，是不符合我们这个时代的法律精神，与我国的立法本意相背离的。即使在世界的范围内，只有基于何种理论为此犯罪行为定性的争论，而在此行为是否构成犯罪的问题上观点还是肯定的。笔者认为，丙的行为实际上侵害了应该由法律来恢复的一种权利秩序（以下称其为法律秩序）。这种法律秩序是基于财物的所有权的不确定的基础形成的。原来的法律秩序，即甲合法对财物享有所有权的状态，因乙的违法行为而受到了破坏，使财物的所有权处于了一种不确定的状态之中。法律的目的之一就是将这种不确定的权利状态恢复或重新确立。这种法律的秩序本身也是受到法律的保护的。我国刑法在总则的第二条中明确规定“维护社会秩序，经济秩序，保障社会主义事业的顺利进行。”这种法律秩序是社会秩序的一种。这种本应由法律来恢复或重新确立的并且受法律保护的秩序，因为被丙的行为破坏，使财物进入了另一种不确定的状态，重新形成了另一个法律秩序。他的行为侵害了刑法要保护的法律秩序，所以他应当受到刑事处罚。
二、“违法”的特定性
本文所说的“违法”特指的是违反了刑事法律。这是因为只有违反刑事法律，才是一种严重的侵害公私财产、权利和社会秩序、经济秩序的行为，才是应受到严厉的刑事处罚的行为。这种处罚的严厉性是在一个国家的所有的法律处罚中排在首位的，它包括剥夺自由和生命的权利。如果违反的民事法律或其他的非刑事法律，原所有权人的所有权只是在实现时受到了一定的阻碍，但其所有权的权能并没有消失，他仍然是财物所有权的所有者，第二次违法行为侵害的还是原所有权人的所有权。只有在第一次违法行为违反的是刑法的时候，才会使财物的所有权进入一种不确定的状态，才会涉及到第二次违反刑法的行为侵害财物的定性问题。如果，第二次的违法行为违反的是民事法律或其他的法律，那么第二次的违法行为就与犯罪毫无关系，也就没有研究的必要了。
三、违法侵害违法物品的特殊情况
1、 行为主体的特殊情况
原所有权人在所有权被侵害之后又以违法的行为从侵害人的占有下将财物取回的情况，应如何定性的问题。任何一种理论或是原则都会存在着一种例外，这几乎是理论界的很少的共识之一。这种情况就是理论的一个例外。原所有权人在侵害人占有财物的情况下，以违法的行为将财物取回实质上是法律所允许的一种恢复原法律秩序的行为。其虽然不能说是一种自救的行为，但由于其主体的特殊性，行为的危害性是相当小的，并且允许它的存在可以鼓励人民同犯罪作斗争。但是，我们必须强调，这种例外有着严格的限度。如果原所有权人的行为超过这个限度，那么其行为就和其他人实施此行为一样，是一个实实在在的犯罪行为了。这个限度是：原所有权人从侵害人处取回的财物只能等于他被侵害的财物。并且他所实施的违法行为不得给侵害人造成不应有的损害。如果，原所有权人的违法行为取回的财物多于曾被侵害的财物，少则是违反了我国的治安管理处罚条例要受到行政处罚，达到刑法规定的限度，则构成了犯罪要接受刑事惩罚。如原所有权人采用盗窃的手段从侵害人处不仅将被侵害的财物偷了回来，而且还偷了侵害人的其他合法所有的或违法占有的财物，这些财物的性质就是违法的，原所有权人的行为就和一般的盗窃行为没有区别，财物的数额达到了刑法的定罪标准就要受到法律的制裁。或是原所有权人在使用违法手段取回自己的时，造成了侵害人不应有的损害，也应受到相应的处罚。如原所有权人在取回自己财物的时候采用的是抢劫的手段，这种行为有可能造成侵害人人身的损害，这种人身的损害就是不应有的损害。财物的数量和自己被侵害的财物相等，但是却造成了侵害人人身伤害或死亡，原所有权人则构成了伤害罪或杀人罪。财物的数量超过了自己被侵害的财物的数量，并造成了侵害人的人身伤害或死亡，则原所有权人的行为就构成了抢劫罪。
2、 行为对象的特殊情况
再讨论一下关于财物的问题，特定物和种类物、原财物和其他财物。如原所有权人被侵害的是特定物，那么他的违法行为所取回的并受到法律保护的只能是这个特定物。只有被侵害特定物的权属是法律所允许的原所有权人可以在实施违法的行为下的情况自行恢复，原所有权人对特定物以外的其他财物的侵害都是不被允许的。如原所有权人被侵害的是种类物，由于种类物是极难分辨的，所以只要原所有权人取回的是相同种类的种类物即可，并不要求其取回的是自己被侵害的同一的财物，但是，除相同种类的种类物之外对其他的财物包括其他的种类物是不得侵害的。如果原所有权人取回的不是以上的两种情况，而是“取回”了侵害人合法所有的或占有的财物，这种行为已不能在用“取回”来称呼，他和一般的侵害财产的犯罪并没有本质的区别，应是一种侵害财产的犯罪的行为。
对违法侵害违法财物的行为的定性虽然在司法实践中已有了一定的答案，但是在法律理论方面却还有着不足，本文只是一些不成熟的观点，仅供大家讨论。
