电信网间互联争议裁决的价值目标
王春晖
电信网间只有实现互联才能实现规模效益。没有电信网间的互联，就不能形成竞争的电信市场，没有竞争的电信市场，就没有中国电信业的发展。因此，中国电信业的网间互联问题，应该是政府在相当长的一段时期内管制的重点。作为网间互联管制的重要形式——行政裁决，是解决互联纠纷的一项重要法律制度。笔者认为，这项法律制度的实施，应充分考虑电信业务的经营者及其电信用户所期望实现的价值目标。这个价值目标应着重体现在六个字上，那就是公正、效率、效益。
一、公正。电信主管部门在解决互联纠纷时，应将公正作为最高的价值。裁决互联争议是以双方的权利义务争议为基础的，这种争议的存在意味着权利与义务的扭曲和混乱。裁决争议的目的在于对这种扭曲和混乱加以矫正。为了实现这一目的，这种矫正手段必须要具备公正性。公正从其运行过程看，包括公正的规则和公正地适用规则。这里讲的公正的规则，实际上就是讲立法上的公正。目前，我国网间互联的立法等级较低，主要形式是部门规章；在《电信条例》中只规定了六条有关电信网间互联的内容，且不具备可操作性。例如，互联互通中要解决的第一个问题是“技术可行”，这要求中央通信管理机构制定一部在全国范围内统一适用的网间互联技术规范。然而，在没有统一的网间互联技术规范的情况下，仅通过电信经营者双方的谈判是很难完成的。可见，网间互联的立法是公正价值的集中体现，也是电信网间互联规则公正价值客观的前提条件；有了公平的规则，才可能公平地适用和执行规则。否则，当互联双方发生争议时，通信主管部门的公平裁决也将是一句空话。目前，应重点考虑出台统一的互联技术规范、互联通信质量的监测制度、互联互通中的证据规则、互联互通中的公示制度以及以体现以成本为基础的结算制度等。
二、效率。互联争议的解决是为了实现当事人的权利，使当事人受到损害的权益得以及时的恢复，以维护正常的通信秩序。通信行为与其他行为的不同点在于，它强调全程全网和分秒必争。因此，网间互联争的解决必须强调速度和有效，如果互联争议长期得不到解决，不仅不能体现通信行政管理的效率，而且从根本上背离了公正的目标。根据《电信网间互联争议处理办法》的规定，处理网间互联争议的首要原则是“着重协调、及时处理”；在解决争议的程序上，该《办法》规定：当双方发生争议，先由争议双方当事人进行协商；协商不成的，向电信主管部门申请协调；协调还不成，才由电信主管部门作出行政裁决。其中协调争议的期限是45天；如果协调不成，电信主管部门还要邀请专家进行论证，专家论证的时间是多长《办法》没有规定；在专家论证结束，从提出网间互联争议解决方案之日起，通信主管部门作出行政裁决方案之日起，通信主管部门作出行政裁决还需45天。类拟这样的规定，是否体现行政裁决的效率价值，值得思考。应该指出，按照一般的行政法原理，行政裁决中的协调不是一个独立的程序，也不应是行政裁决的必经程序；协调的基础是双方当事人的自愿，并要在合法的前提下进行。如果通信主管部门在处理网间互联争议时，强调了“着重协调”，就很难做到“及时处理”。
笔者认为，处理网间互联争议的效率高低，应集中体现在程序之中，一个行政行为能否及时作出，主要是由它的程序所决定的。因此，制定解决网间互联争议规则的基本原则应紧紧围绕着效率这个目标。在实施中，应考虑以下几个问题：（1）处理网间互联程序的时间性，要以迅速实现行政目的为价值目标；（2）处理争议的程序的设定要有一定的灵活性，要考虑到网间互联的多变性和复杂性；（3）处理争议的程序应当建立在科学公平的基础之上，应为当事人所接受。
三、效益。电信主管部门在裁决互联争议时，还应考虑当事人因网间互联出现的障碍而减少的权益和其用户所受到的损失。事实上，当事人在发生互联争议时，受害一方都期望通过电信主管部门的裁决对其合法权益和用户权益的保护，以维护正常的通信秩序。因此，电信主管部门对网间互联争议的裁决本身，就体现着对争议解决的效益价值目标的追求。如果电信主管部门在裁决网间互联争议时，不注重效益的价值，即使是较为公正地解决了争议，也必须带来一方当事人利益的损失。例如，因网间通信质量不符合约定的标准，非主导的电信经营者要求主导的电信经营者对网间路由组织、中继电路、信令方式或软件版本予以调整时，而主导的电信经营者拒绝予以配合，经协商未果。为此，非主导的电信经营者要求电信主管部门进行协调，经协调仍未果，电信主管部门就应及时作出裁决。那么，电信主管部门在裁决时，不仅要考虑主导的电信经营者的违法行为，同时要考虑主导的电信经营者因违反网间互联的相关规定给非主导的电信经营者所造成的直接经济损失的赔偿责任。
中华人民共和国海关对外国企业、新闻等常驻机构和常驻人员进出口物品的管理规定（附英文）(已废止)
海关总署
中华人民共和国海关对外国企业、新闻等常驻机构和常驻人员进出口物品的管理规定（附英文）
1984年4月20日，海关总署
第一条 根据中华人民共和国国务院《关于管理外国企业常驻代表机构的暂行规定》、《关于管理外国新闻机构常驻记者的暂行规定》和《海关对进出国境旅客行李物品监管办法》等有关法规，特制订本规定。
第二条 下列常驻机构进口办公用品、常驻人员进出口行李物品，按本规定办理：
（一）外国企业和其他经济组织常驻机构和常驻人员；
（二）外国民间经济贸易团体常驻机构和常驻人员；
（三）外国常驻新闻机构和常驻记者；
（四）中外合资（包括中外合作勘探、开采石油等）企业外方常驻人员；
（五）在华外资企业外方常驻人员；
（六）其他外国常驻机构和常驻人员。
第三条 常驻人员在取得中华人民共和国主管部门签发的长期居留证件之前，入境携带的行李物品，按海关对短期旅客的规定办理。
常驻人员在取得长期居留证件后，可持居留证件、本人身份证件和入境时经海关签章的“旅客行李申报单”，向所在地海关（所在地未设海关的，向指定的海关，以下简称主管海关）提出进口自用物品的书面申请。此项申请只限一次。
申请进口的自用物品，经海关审核，在自用合理数量范围内，准予免税进口。其中海关重点管理物品（如家用电器等耐用消费品），应与本人首次入境时携带进口和分离运输进口的重点管理物品合并计算，在海关规定限量内准予免税进口。超出免税范围的物品，仍属自用的，经海关核准，准予征税进口。常驻人员进口自用机动交通工具（小汽车、摩托车）每人各限一辆，征税放行。
经海关核准进口的自用物品，应自批准之日起六个月内运进。
第四条 常驻人员在取得长期居留证件后，短期进出境（或来往香港、澳门地区）携带行李物品，海关只免税放行旅途必需的生活用品。出境时携带经海关免税放行的物品（如手表、照相机、收录音机、摄影机等物品），如要复带入境，应当在“旅客行李申报单”上申明。回程时，海关凭以查核免税放行。出境时未向海关申明，回程时所带海关重点管理物品照章征税。
第五条 常驻人员携带出境的行李物品，除金银、货币、文物等限制出口的物品外，在自用合理数量范围内，予以放行。
第六条 常驻机构进口办公用品和机动交通工具，应事先向主管海关提出书面申请，经海关审核，在自用合理数量范围内，准予免领进口许可证进口，上述办公用品和机动交通工具进口时，应填具“进口货物报关单”连同“申请表”，发票等有关单证向海关申报，由海关查验征税放行。
外国政府同中华人民共和国政府订有协定的，按协定规定办理。
第七条 常驻机构和常驻人员进口的办公用品、自用物品和机动交通工具，只限自用。不准在中华人民共和国境内私自出售。如需出售，应事先向主管海关提出申请，经批准后，售予当地人民政府指定的外货收购部门，并按章补税。违者按有关法规处理。
第八条 常驻机构和常驻人员申报进出口的物品，属海关禁止进出口的，由海关扣留，限期退运出境或退回原地。过期不退，即由海关处理。对中华人民共和国政治、文化、道德、卫生有害而被扣留的物品，都不发还，由海关按照有关法规处理。
第九条 华侨、港澳同胞、台湾同胞经营的企业常驻机构和常驻人员进出口物品也按照本规定办理。
第十条 本规定不适用于经济特区。
第十一条 本规定未列事项，按海关有关法规办理。
第十二条 本规定自一九八四年五月一日起实施。
Regulations Concerning Import and Export of Articles by ResidentOffices of Foreign Enterprises and Presses, and Their Staff StationChinan
(The "Regulations Concerning Import and Export of Articles byResident Offices of Foreign Enterprises and Presses, and Their StaffStationed in China" (hereinafter referred to as 'the Regulations') hasbeen promulgated by the Cu
stoms General Administration of the People'sRepublic of China and made available to China Economic News forpublication on 20 April, 1984.)
Important Notice: (注意事项)
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
Regulations Concerning Import and Export of Articles by Resident
Offices of Foreign Enterprises and Presses, and Their Staff Stationed in
China
(The "Regulations Concerning Import and Export of Articles by
Resident Offices of Foreign Enterprises and Presses, and Their Staff
Stationed in China" (hereinafter referred to as 'the Regulations') has
been promulgated by the Customs General Administration of the People's
Republic of China and made available to China Economic News for
publication on 20 April, 1984.)
Article 1
The Regulations hereby are formulated in accordance with the "Provisional
Regulations Concerning Resident Offices of Foreign Enterprises", the
"Provisional Regulations Concerning Resident Correspondents of Foreign
Presses", and the "Rules Concerning Supervision and Control of Inward and
Outbound Passenger Baggages by Customs", promulgated by the State Council
of the People's Republic of China.
Article 2
The import of office appliances by the following resident offices and
import or export of personal effects by their resident staff shall comply
with the Regulations:
1. Resident offices of foreign enterprises and other economic
organizations and their staff;
2. Resident offices of foreign economic and trade organizations and their
staff;
3. Foreign resident news agencies and their resident correspondents;
4. Foreign resident personnel of joint ventures (including Chinese-foreign
enterprises involving in cooperative exploitation of offshore petroleum);
5. Foreign resident personnel of enterprises operating in China using
foreign capital;
6. Other foreign resident offices and their staff.
Article 3
Any baggage carried by resident personnel upon his first entry into China
shall be subject to the regulations applicable to short-term visitors.
Having obtained a "Permanent Residence Permit" issued by the authorities
concerned of the PRC, the resident personnel may apply to the local
Customs (in case there is no local Customs in a certain area, he may apply
to the designated Customs as listed in the appendix, hereinafter referred
to as "Customs in charge") for import of personal effects by submitting a
written application form, together with the residence permit, identity
card and the "Baggage Declaration" endorsed by the Customs at the time of
entry. Such application shall be allowed once only.
Personal effects imported in reasonable amount shall be released duty free
after they are examined and approved by the Customs. Certain restricted
articles (for example, durable goods such as electrical appliances for
household use, etc.) together with hand luggage carried by any resident
personnel upon his first entry and the unaccompanied baggage, shall be
admitted duty free provided that they are within the quantitative limit
set by the Customs. In case the articles exceed the prescribed limit and
they are for private use or consumption, they shall be admitted against
payment of duty subject to examination and approval by the Customs. Motor
vehicles (cars and motorcycles) may be imported by resident personnel (one
for each person) on payment of duty. Any resident personnel applying for
import of personal effects and approved by the Customs shall be imported
within six months from the date of approval.
Article 4
Any resident personnel leaving China temporarily (including making short
trips to Hongkong or Macao) during his residence in China may, upon re-
entry, bring in duty free articles allowed for the journey only. Other
articles (such as wrist watches, cameras, radio-cassette recorders, cine-
cameras, etc.) previously admitted duty free and carried by such person
upon his exit, if intended to be subsequently brought back, shall be so
declared in the "Baggage Declaration" against which they may be re-
imported duty free, failing which, duty shall be levied.
Article 5
Baggage and articles (excluding those restricted articles such as gold,
silver, currencies, and cultural relics, etc.) carried by resident
personnel on his exit shall be released provided that they are for
personal use and in reasonable amount.
Article 6
Any resident offices intending to import office appliances and vehicles
shall submit a written application form to the Customs in charge and upon
verification, admission shall be granted to those articles without
requiring the Import Licence and provided that they are in reasonable
amount and intended to be used by the office in question only. On import
of the above-mentioned articles, the office concerned shall fill in the
"Import Cargo Declaration" and submit it to the Customs together with the
application form, invoices and other relevant documents, against which the
articles shall be examined and released upon payment of duty.
If there is an agreement between a foreign government and the government
of the PRC, articles concerned shall be dealt with according to the
provisions of the agreement.
Article 7
Office appliances, vehicles and personal effects imported by resident
offices and their staff shall not be offered for sale without permission.
When any sale is requested, permission shall be obtained from the Customs
in charge and the articles concerned shall be sold to the stores
designated by the local people's government. Duties shall be levied on
those articles previously admitted duty free. Breaching of this rule shall
be dealt with according to the relevant provisions.
Article 8
Articles declared for import or export by resident offices and their
staff; of which the import or export are prohibited, shall be detained by
the Customs and re-shipped abroad or re-directed to any place in China by
the owner within a stipulated period; failing which, the articles
concerned shall be disposed of by the Customs. Articles detained for being
detrimental to Chinese political, economic, cultural, moral or hygienic
interests shall not be returned and shall be disposed of by the Customs
according to the relevant provisions.
Article 9
The Regulations is also applicable to the import and export of articles by
resident offices of enterprises run by overseas Chinese or compatriots in
Hongkong, Macao and Taiwan, and their staff.
Article 10
The Regulations do not apply to special economic zones.
Article 11
Those not provided for hereinabove shall be dealt with according to the
relevant provisions.
Article 12
The Regulations shall be put into effect on May 1, 1984.
